Integrated Ruminant Feeding Systems Utilizing Agro-Industrial By-Products Through Elephant Grass-Based Silage
Keywords:
agro-industrial by-products, complete feed silage, elephant grass silage, fermentation quality, integrated ruminant feeding system, sustainable livestock productionAbstract
Integrated ruminant feeding systems utilizing agro-industrial by-products offer a sustainable solution to feed constraints in tropical livestock production. This study evaluated the physical quality and fermentation characteristics of elephant grass–based complete feed silage formulated with different proportions of tofu by-product and rice bran. A completely randomized design with four silage formulations was applied. Silage was anaerobically fermented for 21 days and assessed for organoleptic properties (aroma, color, texture, and fungal growth) and pH value. The results showed that silage formulation did not significantly affect aroma, texture, or pH (P>0.05), with all treatments exhibiting characteristics of good-quality silage, including a pleasant acidic aroma, compact texture, and acceptable pH values ranging from 3.93 to 4.50. In contrast, fungal growth and color were significantly influenced by treatment (P<0.01). Increasing the proportion of rice bran reduced fungal growth and improved silage color, indicating enhanced fermentation stability. The formulation with the highest rice bran proportion demonstrated the most favorable overall silage quality. In conclusion, elephant grass–based complete feed silage integrated with agro-industrial by-products can produce stable and high-quality silage. These findings support the development of integrated and sustainable ruminant feeding strategies that improve resource efficiency and promote circular agriculture.
References
Afzalani, A., Musnandar, E., & Raguati, R. (2017). Efek Suplementasi Ampas Tahu dan Mineral Zn-Cu Organik terhadap Pertambahan Bobot Badan pada Penggemukan Sapi Bali yang Diberi Pakan Rumput Rawa (Hyampeacne amplexicaules Rudge Ness). Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 20(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.22437/jiiip.v20i2.5137
Aglazziyah, H., Ayuningsih, B., & Khairani, L. (2020). Pengaruh penggunaan dedak fermentasi terhadap kualitas fisik dan pH silase rumput gajah (Pennisetum purpureum). Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis dan Ilmu Pakan, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.24198/jnttip.v2i3.30290
Alexandri, M., López-Gómez, J. P., Olszewska-Widdrat, A., & Venus, J. (2020). Valorising agro-industrial wastes within the circular bioeconomy concept: The case of defatted rice bran with emphasis on bioconversion strategies. Fermentation, 6(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6020042
Alwi, H. A., Damat, D., & Putri, D. N. (2021). Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Organoleptik Snack Bar Berbasis Tepung Ampas Tahu, Tepung Kacang Merah (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) dan Kacang Kedelai (Glycine Max.). Food Technology and Halal Science Journal, 4(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.22219/fths.v4i1.15620
Anggraini, M., & Yulianto, R. (2023). Profil Produksi Hijauan Rumput Gajah (Pennisetum purpureum) di Universitas Jember Kampus Bondowoso. Jurnal Peternakan Lingkungan Tropis, 6(2), 63-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/jpltrop.v6i2.11714
Ashari, A. (2019). Uji Proksimat Pakan Ternak Berprotein Tinggi Berbahan Dasar Cacing Tanah, Ampas Tahu, dan Daun Gamal. Jurnal Ilmu Fisika: Teori dan Aplikasinya, 1(2), 25-29.
Ávila, C. L. S., & Carvalho, B. F. (2020). Silage fermentation—updates focusing on the performance of micro‐organisms. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 128(4), 966-984. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14450
Chen, C., Xin, Y., Li, X., Ni, H., Zeng, T., Du, Z., ... & Yan, Y. (2022). Effects of Acremonium cellulase and heat-resistant lactic acid bacteria on lignocellulose degradation, fermentation quality, and microbial community structure of hybrid elephant grass silage in humid and hot areas. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 1066753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1066753
Daniel, J. L. P., Bernardes, T. F., Jobim, C. C., Schmidt, P., & Nussio, L. G. (2019). Production and utilization of silages in tropical areas with focus on Brazil. Grass and forage Science, 74(2), 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12417
Duguma, B., & Janssens, G. P. (2021). Assessment of livestock feed resources and coping strategies with dry season feed scarcity in mixed crop–livestock farming systems around the gilgel gibe catchment, Southwest Ethiopia. Sustainability, 13(19), 10713. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910713
Farda, F. T., Tantalo, S., Sirat, M. M. P., Ermawati, R., Fauzi, T. A., Rivai, M., ... & Alfarizki, A. (2023). Pelatihan Fermentasi Pakan Rumput Pakchong dan Daun Singkong dengan Metode Silase sebagai Pakan Sapi Potong di Desa Margomulyo Kecamatan Tegineneng Kabupaten Pesawaran. Jurnal Pengabdian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung, 2(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpfp.v2i2.7834
Febrina, D., Wahyono, T., Mulianda, R., Qomariyah, N., Nurfitriani, R. A., Khairi, F., ... & Prastyo, A. B. (2022). Kualitas Fisik Silase Rumput Gajah dan Ampas Tahu Segar dengan Penambahan Sirup Komersial Afkir. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan, 20(2), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.29244/jintp.20.2.73-77
Feitosa, O. D. S., Leite, R. D. C., Alexandrino, E., Pires, T. D. J. S., Oliveira, L. B. T. D., Paula Neto, J. J. D., & Santos, A. C. D. (2022). Forage performance and cattle production as a function of the seasonality of a Brazilian tropical region. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 44, e53779. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.53779
Fetzel, T., Havlik, P., Herrero, M., & Erb, K. H. (2017). Seasonality constraints to livestock grazing intensity. Global Change Biology, 23(4), 1636-1647. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13591
Filippi, M., Preziosa, P., Meani, A., Ciccarelli, O., Mesaros, S., Rovira, A., ... & Rocca, M. A. (2018). Prediction of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome using the 2016 MAGNIMS and 2010 McDonald criteria: a retrospective study. The Lancet Neurology, 17(2), 133-142.
Guo, X., Xu, D., Li, F., Bai, J., & Su, R. (2023). Current approaches on the roles of lactic acid bacteria in crop silage. Microbial Biotechnology, 16(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14184
Hidayat, C., Wina, E., & Sopiyana, S. (2021). Manfaat senyawa bioaktif dedak padi untuk pakan fungsional ternak ayam. WARTAZOA, 31(2), 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v31i2.2676
Kamble, D. B., & Rani, S. (2020). Bioactive components, in vitro digestibility, microstructure and application of soybean residue (okara): A review. Legume Science, 2(1), e32. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.32
Kung Jr, L., Shaver, R. D., Grant, R. J., & Schmidt, R. J. (2018). Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. Journal of dairy Science, 101(5), 4020-4033. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909
Kusumo, D., Priyanti, A., & Saptati, R. A. (2017). Prospek pengembangan usaha peternakan pola integrasi. Sains Peternakan: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Peternakan, 5(2), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v5i2.4924
Lemos, M. F., Andrade, A. P., Silva, P. H. F. D., Santos, C. O., Souza, C. F. B., Silva, M. A. V., ... & Oliveira, P. M. D. (2020). Nutritional value, fermentation losses and aerobic stability of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage treated with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 42, e48272. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48272
Macaulay. (2004). The Use of Ice in The Treatment of Acute Soft-Tissue Injury. The American J. of Sports Medicine, 32, 251-257.
Mahyudi, F., & Husinsyah, H. (2020). Kontribusi Produk Sekunder Ampas Tahu pada Usaha Industri Rumah Tangga UD. Dua Putri di Desa Gunung Antasari Kecamatan Simpang Empat Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Ziraa'ah Majalah Ilmiah Pertanian, 45(2), 127-134. https://dx.doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v45i2.3000
McDonald, W. I., Compston, A., Edan, G., Goodkin, D., Hartung, H. P., Lublin, F. D., ... & Wolinsky, J. S. (2001). Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 50(1), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.1032
Michael, P., de Cruz, C. R., Mohd Nor, N., Jamli, S., & Goh, Y. M. (2021). The potential of using temperate–tropical crossbreds and agricultural by-products, associated with heat stress management for dairy production in the tropics: a review. Animals, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010001
Moorby, J. M., & Fraser, M. D. (2021). New feeds and new feeding systems in intensive and semi-intensive forage-fed ruminant livestock systems. Animal, 15, 100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100297
Nisa, Z. K., Ayuningsih, B., & Susilawati, I. (2020). Pengaruh penggunaan dedak fermentasi terhadap kadar lignin dan selulosa silase rumput gajah (Pennisetum purpureum). Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis dan Ilmu Pakan, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.24198/jnttip.v2i3.30289
Oladosu, Y., Rafii, M. Y., Abdullah, N., Magaji, U., Hussin, G., Ramli, A., & Miah, G. (2016). Fermentation quality and additives: a case of rice straw silage. BioMed research international, 2016(1), 7985167. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7985167
Rasuli, N., Wibowo, D. N., & Taufik, M. (2022). Kajian Kualitas Silase Rumput Gajah (Pennisetum purpureum) dengan Penambahan Lamtoro (Leucaena leococephala), Dedak, dan Jagung Giling: Study of The Quality of Napier Grass Silage (Pennisetum purpureum) with The Addition of Lamtoro (Leucaena leococephala), Brand, and Milled Corn. Jurnal Agrisistem, 18(1), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.52625/j-agr.v18i1.223
Sari, D. D. K., Astuti, M. H., & Asi, L. S. (2016). Pengaruh pakan tambahan berupa ampas tahu dan limbah bioetanol berbahan singkong (Manihot utilissima) terhadap penampilan sapi Bali (Bos sondaicus). Buletin Peternakan, 40(2), 107-112.
Seftiana, L., Rizki, A. S., & Hadi, A. P. (2023). Penguatan Kapasistas Usaha Masyarakat Melalui Proses Fermentasi Pembuatan Tape Singkong (Manihot Utilissima) Di Dusun Limbungan Kecamatan Gunung Sari Lombok Barat. Al Hayat: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 1(2), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.62588/ahjpm.2023.v1i2.039
Silalahi, H., Sangadji, I., & Fredriksz, S. (2023). Quality Of Pakchong Grass Silage (Crimson Pennywort Cv. Thailand) with The Addition Of Different Of Molasses As Ruminant Feed. Jurnal Agrosilvopasture-Tech, 2(1), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.30598/j.agrosilvopasture-tech.2023.2.1.202
Sofyan, A., Widyastuti, Y., Utomo, R., & Yusiati, L. M. (2017). Improving physico-chemical characteristic and palatability of king grass (Pennisetum hybrid) silage by inoculation of Lactobacillus plantarum-Saccharomyces cerevisiae consortia and addition of rice bran. Buletin Peternakan, 41(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i1.12980
Spaggiari, M., Dall’Asta, C., Galaverna, G., & del Castillo Bilbao, M. D. (2021). Rice bran by-product: From valorization strategies to nutritional perspectives. Foods, 10(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010085
Suganda, A., Salman, D., Baba, S., & Fahmid, I. M. (2022, December). Cattle corporation village program as small-scale farmer group empowerment to support National beef self sufficiency. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1114, No. 1, p. 012041). IOP Publishing. 10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012041
Suherman, D. (2021). Karakteristik, produktivitas dan pemanfaatan rumput gajah hibrida (Pennisetum purpureum cvthailand) sebagai hijauan pakan ternak. Maduranch: Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Ilmu Agribisnis, 6(1), 37-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53712/maduranch.v6i1.1071
Sulistyo, H. E., Subagiyo, I., & Yulinar, E. (2020). Kualitas silase rumput gajah (Pennisetum purpureum) dengan penambahan jus tape singkong. Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis, 3(2), 63-70.
Suryaningsih, Y. (2022). Penerapan teknologi silase untuk mengatasi keterbatasan hijauan pakan ternak pada musim kemarau di Desa Arjasa Kecamatan Arjasa Kabupaten Situbondo. Mimbar Integritas: Jurnal Pengabdian, 1(2), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.36841/mimbarintegritas.v1i2.2084
Suryapratama, W., & Rahayu, S. (2020, November). Kualitas Organoleptik dan Fisik Ampas Tahu yang Difermentasi Kapang Neurospora sitophila dan Trichoderma viridae sebagai Bahan Pakan Konsentrat. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembangunan dan Pendidikan Vokasi Pertanian (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 61-72). https://doi.org/10.47687/snppvp.v1i1.126
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., ... & Cohen, J. A. (2018). Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. The Lancet Neurology, 17(2), 162-173.
Tulu, D., Gadissa, S., Hundessa, F., & Kebede, E. (2023). Contribution of climate‐smart forage and fodder production for sustainable livestock production and environment: Lessons and challenges from Ethiopia. Advances in Agriculture, 2023(1), 8067776. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8067776
Utari, A. (2018). Pemanfaatan Limbah kulit buah aren sebagai pupuk kompos terhadap evaluasi nutrisi silase rumput gajah pada ternak ruminansia. Eksakta: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pembelajaran MIPA, 3(1), 9-24.
Wang, S., Yuan, X., Dong, Z., Li, J., Guo, G., Bai, Y., ... & Shao, T. (2016). Characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria and their effects on the silage quality. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 30(6), 819. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0589
Wong, C. C., Moog, F., & Chen, C. P. (2019). Forage and ruminant livestock integration in tree crop plantations of Southeast Asia. Edited Reynolds, S. In Grasslands (pp. 403-431). CRC Press.
Zhang, Q., Guo, X., Zheng, M., Chen, D., & Chen, X. (2021). Altering microbial communities: a possible way of lactic acid bacteria inoculants changing smell of silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 279, 114998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114998
Zhang, Y. C., Luo, M., Fang, X. Y., Zhang, F. Q., & Cao, M. H. (2021). Energy value of rice, broken rice, and rice bran for broiler chickens by the regression method. Poultry Science, 100(4), 100972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.069
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Azhary, Munir, Rahmawati Semaun
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
