Differences in Students' Computational Thinking Mathematical Ability Using Augmented Reality Based on Gender
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims explicitly to look at differences in computational thinking and mathematical ability of students who received learning with augmented reality media based on gender. Background Problems: This research is motivated by students’ low mathematical Computational Thinking (CT) ability and the rapid development of information technology in the digital era. Augmented Reality is a technology that combines three-dimensional virtual objects into a natural environment and then projects these virtual objects in real-time. The research subjects were 30 class VII students of SMPN 34 Pekanbaru in the 2022/2023 school year, randomly selected. This research was conducted on flat geometric materials, especially triangles and quadrilaterals. The data collection methods used a test of mathematical computational thinking ability. Parametric statistical tests processed test results data. The results showed differences in computational thinking and mathematical ability of students who received learning using augmented reality media based on gender. Male students’ computational thinking and mathematical ability are better than female students.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmadi, R. A., Adler, J., & Ginting, S. L. (2020). Teknologi Augmented Reality Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Biologi. Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Bisnis Cerdas, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.33005/sibc.v13i2.2190
Albar, R., Susilawati, S., & Fatmawati, D. P. (2022). Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Augmanted Reality pada Materi Phytagoras untuk Meningkatkan Literasi Matematika Siswa. Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Matematika Tahun 2022, 371–380.
Ambarwulan, D., & Muliyati, D. (2016). Rancangan Media Pembelajaran Berupa Aplikasi Augmented Reality Berbasis Marker pada Perangkat Android. Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika, 2(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.21009/1.02111
Aminuddin, F. H., & Djauhari, T. (2021). Development of 3D Augmanted Reality Teaching Materials Based on Virtual Technology As Learning Media. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management And Social Science, 2(5), 763–776. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v2i5.880
Andrian, R., & Hikmawan, R. (2021). The Importance of Computational Thinking to Train Structured Thinking in Problem Solving. Jurnal Online Informatika, 6(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.15575/join.v6i1.677
Angeli, C., & Giannakos, M. (2020). Computational thinking education: Issues and challenges. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106185
Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2020). Developing young children’s computational thinking with educational robotics: An interaction effect between gender and scaffolding strategy. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.018
Angeli, C., Voogt, J., Fluck, A., Webb, M., Cox, M., Malyn-Smith, J., & Zagami, J. (2016). A K-6 computational thinking curriculum framework: Implications for teacher knowledge. Educational Technology and Society, 19(3), 47–57.
Ansori, M. (2020). Penilaian Kemampuan Computational Thinking. SALIMIYA: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Keagamaan Islam, 1(2), 176–193.
Atmatzidou, S., & Demetriadis, S. (2016). Advancing students’ computational thinking skills through educational robotics: A study on age and gender relevant differences. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 75, 661–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2015.10.008
Bacca, J., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R., Graf, S., & Kinshuk. (2014). International Forum of Educational Technology & Society Augmented Reality Trends in Education : A Systematic Review of Research and Applications. Educational Technology, 17(4), 133–149. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.17.4.133
Barcelos, T. S. (2018). Mathematics learning through computational thinking activities: A systematic literature review. In Journal of Universal Computer Science (Vol. 24, Issue 7, pp. 815–845). https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85051735640
Bower, M., Wood, L., Lai, J., Howe, C., Lister, R., Mason, R., Highfield, K., & Veal, J. (2017). Improving the Computational Thinking Pedagogical Capabilities of School Teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 42(3), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2017v42n3.4
Cahdriyana, R. A., & Richardo, R. (2020). Berpikir Komputasi Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika. LITERASI (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan), 11(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.21927/literasi.2020.11(1).50-56
Chahyadi, F., Bettiza, M., Ritha, N., Radzi Rathomi, M., & Hayaty, N. (2021). Peningkatan High Order Thinking Skill Siswa Melalui Pendampingan Computational Thinking. Jurnal Anugerah, 3(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.31629/anugerah.v3i1.3344
Cheng, K. H. (2017). Reading an augmented reality book: An exploration of learners’ cognitive load, motivation, and attitudes. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(4), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.2820
Città, G., Gentile, M., Allegra, M., Arrigo, M., Conti, D., Ottaviano, S., Reale, F., & Sciortino, M. (2019). The effects of mental rotation on computational thinking. Computers & Education, 141, 103613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103613
Cundana, A. A. M., & Pernando, Y. (2022). Implementation Augmented Reality Inla Gymnastics Base on Mobile. Journal of Science and Social Research, 5(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.54314/jssr.v5i1.727
Deli, D. (2020). Implementation of Augmented Reality for Earth Layer Structure on Android Based as a Learning Media. JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, 4(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.31289/jite.v4i1.3658
Elmqaddem, N. (2019). Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Education. Myth or Reality? International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 14(03), 234. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i03.9289
Estapa, A., & Nadolny, L. (2015). The Effect of an Augmented Reality Enhanced Mathematics Lesson on Student Achievement and Motivation. Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research, 16(3), 40–48.
Fakhrudin, A., Sri, Y., & Riyadi, R. (2019). IMPLEMENTATION OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGY IN NATURAL SCIENCES LEARNING OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TO OPTIMIZE THE STUDENTS LEARNING RESULT. IJIET (International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching), 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijiet.v3i1.814
Farsi, G. Al, Yusof, A. B. M., Fauzi, W. J. B., Rusli, M. E. Bin, Malik2, S. I., Tawafak, R. M., Mathew, R., & Jabbar, J. (2021). The Practicality of Virtual Reality Applications in Education: Limitations and Recommendations. Journal of Hunan University（Natural Sciences）, 48(7), 142–155. http://jonuns.com/index.php/journal/article/view/666
Fauziah, R. N., & Dwi, S. (2021). The Development of Applications using Augmented Reality Technology as the Teaching Media of Special Mirror Lights. Journal Pendidikan Fisika, 9(2), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.26618/jpf.v9i2.4899
Fauziah, R. N., & Sulisworo, D. (2019). Implementation of Learning Media Using Augmented Reality Technology for Senior High School Students. Jurnal Pembelajaran Fisika, 9(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpf.v9.n2.202109
Grover, S., Pea, R., & Cooper, S. (2015). Designing for deeper learning in a blended computer science course for middle school students. Computer Science Education, 25(2), 199–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2015.1033142
Harmini, T., Annurwanda, P., & Suprihatiningsih, S. (2020). COMPUTATIONAL THINKING ABILITY STUDENTS BASED ON GENDER IN CALCULUS LEARNING. AKSIOMA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 9(4), 977. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v9i4.3160
Hendriyani, Y., Effendi, H., Novaliendry, D., & Effendi, H. (2019). Augmented Reality Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Inovatif Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dan Pendidikan, 12(2), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.24036/tip.v12i2.244
Idhami, R., Amri, & Aswandi. (2020). Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Augmented Reality Sebagai Media Penawaran Desain Interior Berbasis Android. Jurnal Teknologi Rekayasa Informasi Dan Komputer, 3(2), 13–19.
Indarta, Y., Ambiyar, A., Samala, A. D., & Watrianthos, R. (2022). Metaverse: Tantangan dan Peluang dalam Pendidikan. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(3), 3351–3363. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i3.2615
Irwansyah, F. S., Asyiah, E. N., & Farida, I. (2019). Augmented Reality-based Media on Molecular Hybridization Concepts Learning. Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan Dan Ilmu Tarbiyah, 4(2), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v4i2.5239
Ismail, I., Iksan, N., Subramaniam, S. K., Abdulbaqie, A. S., Pillai, S. K., & Panessai, I. Y. (2021). Usefulness of Augmented Reality as a Tool to Support Online Learning. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer Dan Informatika, 7(2), 277. https://doi.org/10.26555/jiteki.v7i2.21133
Jannah, Z., Fauziah, N., Ningsih, T. N., Manilaturrohmah, M., Suryadi, D. A., Budiarti, R. P. N., & Fitriyah, F. K. (2021). Planetarium Glass Based on Augmented Reality to Improve Science Literacy Knowledge in Madura Primary Schools. Child Education Journal, 3(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.33086/cej.v3i1.1768
Kadarwati, S., Suparman, S., & Astutik, K. (2020). Keefektifan Computational Thingking (Ct) Dan Problem Based Learning (Pbl) Dalam Meningkatkan Kreativitas Siswa Terhadap …. Jurnal Karya Pendidikan …, 7(1), 63–68. http://103.97.100.145/index.php/JPMat/article/view/5594
Kawuri, K. R. (2019). Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Kelas X Mia 9 Sma Negeri 1 Surakarta Pada Materi Usaha Dan Energi. https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/59357/Penerapan-Computational-Thinking-Untuk-Meningkatkan-Kemampuan-Berpikir-Kritis-Siswa-Kelas-X-MIA-9-SMA-Negeri-1-Surakarta-pada-Materi-Usaha-dan-Energi
Kristian, M., Fitri, I., & Gunaryati, A. (2020). Implementation of Augmented Reality for Introduction To Android Based Mammalian Animals Using The Marker Based Tracking Method. JISA(Jurnal Informatika Dan Sains), 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31326/jisa.v3i1.623
Kusumawati, E. R., & Achmad, S. (2022). Pelatihan computational thinking guru MI se-Kecamatan Pabelan, Kabupaten Semarang. Penamas: Journal of Community Service, 2(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.53088/penamas.v2i1.283
Lee, T. Y., Mauriello, M. L., Ahn, J., & Bederson, B. B. (2014). CTArcade: Computational thinking with games in school age children. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 2(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2014.06.003
Lestari, A. C., & Annizar, A. M. (2020). Proses Berpikir Kritis Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah PISA Ditinjau dari Kemampuan Berpikir Komputasi. Jurnal Kiprah, 8(1), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.31629/kiprah.v8i1.2063
Lubis, A. H., & Dasopang, M. D. (2020). Pengembangan Buku Cerita Bergambar Berbasis Augmented Reality untuk Mengakomodasi Generasi Z. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, Dan Pengembangan, 5(6), 780. https://doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v5i6.13613
Maharani, S., Kholid, M. N., Pradana, L. N., & Nusantara, T. (2019). PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPUTATIONAL THINKING. Infinity Journal, 8(2), 109. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v8i2.p109-116
Mantasia, M., & Jaya, H. (2016). Pengembangan Teknologi Augmented Reality Sebagai Penguatan Dan Penunjang Metode Pembelajaran Di Smk Untuk Implementasi Kurikulum 2013. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 6(3), 281. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v5i3.10522
Mauliani, A. (2020). PERAN PENTING COMPUTATIONAL THINKING TERHADAP MASA DEPAN BANGSA INDONESIA. Jurnal Informatika Dan Bisnis, 1–9.
Merisuo‐Storm, T. (2006). Girls and Boys Like to Read and Write Different Texts. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50(2), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830600576039
Mohaghegh, M., & Mccauley, M. (2016). Computational Thinking: The Skill Set of the 21st Century. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 7(3), 1524–1539. www.ijcsit.com
Mubarok, A. A., Setiawan, W., & Wibisono, Y. (2020). UPINav : Aplikasi Markerless Augmented Reality untuk Media Informasi UPI Berbasis Android. JATIKOM: Jurnal Aplikasi Dan Teori Ilmu Komputer, 3(1), 8–12.
Mustaqim, I. (2016). PEMANFAATAN AUGMENTED REALITY SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Dan Kejuruan, 13(2), 174–183.
Mustaqim, I., & Nanang, K. (2017). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Pai Berbasis Augmented Reality. Jurnal Edukasi Elektro, 1(1), 36–48.
Nugroho, A., & Pramono, B. A. (2017). Aplikasi Mobile Augmented Reality Berbasis Vuforia Dan Unity Pada Pengenalan Objek 3D Dengan Studi Kasus Gedung M Universitas Semarang. Jurnal Transformatika, 14(2), 86. https://doi.org/10.26623/transformatika.v14i2.442
Nuraisa, D., Azizah, A. N., Nopitasari, D., & Maharani, S. (2019). Exploring Students Computational Thinking based on Self-Regulated Learning in the Solution of Linear Program Problem. JIPM (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Matematika), 8(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.25273/jipm.v8i1.4871
Nurmahmudah, F., Yulianto, D., & Ilma Nafi’a, Z. (2020). Penerapan program literasi digital melalui computational thinking dalam pembelajaran. Seminar Nasional Hasil Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(1), 327–338.
Nurrisma, N., Munadi, R., Syahrial, S., & Meutia, E. D. (2021). Perancangan Augmented Reality dengan Metode Marker Card Detection dalam Pengenalan Karakter Korea. Informatika Mulawarman : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komputer, 16(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.30872/jim.v16i1.5152
Putri, K. E., & Frans Aditia Wiguna. (2020). AUGMENTED REALITY BASED LEARNING MEDIA IN FOTOSYNTHESIS MATERIAL. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 5(1), 1–5. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/227635-peran-umkm-dalam-pembangunan-dan-kesejah-7d176a2c.pdf%0Ahttp://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jispo/article/view/1752
Román-González, M., Pérez-González, J.-C., Moreno-León, J., & Robles, G. (2018). Extending the nomological network of computational thinking with non-cognitive factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 441–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.030
Rosali, D. F., & Suryadi, D. (2021). An Analysis of Students’ Computational Thinking Skills on The Number Patterns Lesson during The Covid-19 Pandemic. Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v11i2.9905
Sa’diyyah, F. N., Mania, S., & Suharti. (2021). Pengembangan Instrumen Tes untuk Mengukur Kemampuan Berpikir Komputasi Siswa. JPMI (Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Inovatif), 4(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v4i1.17-26
Saputri, S., & Sibarani, A. J. P. (2020). Implementasi Augmented Reality Pada Pembelajaran Matematika Mengenal Bangun Ruang Dengan Metode Marked Based Tracking Berbasis Android. Komputika : Jurnal Sistem Komputer, 9(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.34010/komputika.v9i1.2362
Setyawan, B. (2019). Augmented Reality Dalam PEMBELAJARAN IPA BAGI SISWA SD. Kwangsan, Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 07(01), 78–90.
Shute, V. J., Sun, C., & Asbell-Clarke, J. (2017). Demystifying Computational Thinking. Educational Research Review, 22, 142-158.
Sidik, M. F., & Vivivanti, V. (2021). Penerapan Teknologi Augmented Reality Pada Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Android Untuk Materi Instalasi Jaringan Komputer. TEMATIK - Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi, 8(1), 14–28. http://jurnal.plb.ac.id/index.php/tematik/article/view/542
Sondakh, D. E. (2019). Reflecting on Computational Thinking Studies for High School Education. CogITo Smart Journal, 4(2), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.31154/cogito.v4i2.136.243-256
Suciliyana, Y., & Rahman, L. O. A. (2020). Augmented Reality Sebagai Media Pendidikan Kesehatan Untuk Anak Usia Sekolah. Jurnal Surya Muda, 2(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.38102/jsm.v2i1.51
Sulaksono, G. (2021). Development of android based augmented reality video for tennis courts learning. Journal Sport Area, 6(2), 218–230. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(2).6361
Syafril, S., Rahayu, T., & Ganefri, G. (2022). Prospective Science Teachers’ Self-Confidence in Computational Thinking Skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 11(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v11i1.33125
Syahidi, A. A., Arai, K., Tolle, H., Supianto, A. A., & Kiyokawa, K. (2021). Augmented Reality in the Internet of Things (AR + IoT): A Review. The IJICS (International Journal of Informatics and Computer Science), 5(3), 258. https://doi.org/10.30865/ijics.v5i3.3341
Tabesh, Y. (2017). Computational Thinking: A 21st Century Skill. OLYMPIADS IN INFORMATICS, 11(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.15388/ioi.2017.special.10
Tresnawati, D., Setiawan, R., Fitriani, L., Mulyani, A., Rahayu, S., Nasrullah, M. R., Septiana, Y., Fatimah, D. D. S., Satria, E., Gunadhi, E., Latifah, A., & Sutedi, A. (2020). Membentuk Cara Berpikir Komputasi Siswa di Garut Dengan Tantangan Bebras. Jurnal PkM MIFTEK, 1(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.33364/miftek/v.1-1.55
Trisnowati, E., Juliyanto, E., Siswanto, & Dewantari, N. (2021). Pengenalan Computational Thinking dan Aplikasinya dalam Pembelajaran IPA SMP. ABDIPRAJA (Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat), 2(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.31002/abdipraja.v2i2.4514
Tsai, C.-C. (2020). The Effects of Augmented Reality to Motivation and Performance in EFL Vocabulary Learning. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 987–1000. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13460a
Vázquez-Cano, E., Marín-Díaz, V., Oyarvide, W. R. V., & López-Meneses, E. (2020). Use of Augmented Reality to Improve Specific and Transversal Competencies in Students. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(8), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.8.21
Veronica, A. R., Siswono, T. Y. E., & Wiryanto, W. (2022). Primary School Students’ Computational Thinking in Solving Mathematics Problems Based on Learning Style. Eduma : Mathematics Education Learning and Teaching, 11(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.24235/eduma.v11i1.10378
Voogt, J., Fisser, P., Good, J., Mishra, P., & Yadav, A. (2015). Computational thinking in compulsory education: Towards an agenda for research and practice. Education and Information Technologies, 20(4), 715–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-015-9412-6
Wahyudi, U. M. W., & Arwansyah, Y. B. (2019). Developing Augmented Reality-based Learning Media to Improve Student Visual Spatial Intelligence. Indonesian Journal of Curriculum and Educational Technology Studies, 7(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcets.v7i2.36039
Weintrop, D., Beheshti, E., Horn, M., Orton, K., Jona, K., Trouille, L., & Wilensky, U. (2016). Defining Computational Thinking for Mathematics and Science Classrooms. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(1), 127–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-015-9581-5
Wikayanto, A. (2020). Augmented Reality Untuk Media Promosi Hasil Penelitian. JURNAL RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem Dan Teknologi Informasi), 1(3), 608–617.
Wing, J. M. (2014). Computational thinking benefits society. 40th Anniversary Blog of Social Issues in Computing, 26(6).
Yadav, A., Stephenson, C., & Hong, H. (2017). Computational thinking for teacher education. Communications of the ACM, 60(4), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1145/2994591
Yadav, A., Zhou, N., Mayfield, C., Hambrusch, S., & Korb, J. T. (2011). Introducing computational thinking in education courses. SIGCSE’11 - Proceedings of the 42nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 465–470. https://doi.org/10.1145/1953163.1953297
Yanuarto, W. N., & Iqbal, A. M. (2022). Media Pembelajaran Augmented Reality untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Spasial Matematis pada Konsep Geometri The Augmented Reality Learning Media to Improve Mathematical Spatial Ability in Geometry Concept. Edumatica: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 12(April), 31–40. https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/edumatica/article/view/17615/13259
Yasin, M., Nusantara, T., Qohar, A., & Susanto, H. (2021). Journal writing assessment to improve computational thinking ability. 040021. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0043171
Yuntawati, Y., Sanapiah, S., & Aziz, L. A. (2021). Analisis Kemampuan Computational Thinking Mahasiswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika. Media Pendidikan Matematika, 9(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.33394/mpm.v9i1.3898
Zahid, M. Z. (2020). Telaah kerangka kerja PISA 2021 Era Integrasi Computational Thinking dalam Bidang Matematika. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika, 3(2020), 706–713. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/prisma/article/view/37991/15997%0Ahttps://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/prisma/
Zhong, B., Wang, Q., Chen, J., & Li, Y. (2016). An Exploration of Three-Dimensional Integrated Assessment for Computational Thinking. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 53(4), 562–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633115608444
Zulherman, Z., Amirulloh, G., Purnomo, A., Aji, G. B., & Supriansyah, S. (2021). Development of Android-Based Millealab Virtual Reality Media in Natural Science Learning. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v9i1.18218
Zydney, J. M., Warner, Z., & Angelone, L. (2020). Learning through experience: Using design based research to redesign protocols for blended synchronous learning environments. Computers & Education, 143, 103678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103678