Appraisal Realization in to All the Boys I Loved Before Novel and its Indonesian Translation

: This study aims to identify the kinds of attitudinal systems, their realization, the translation technique


Introduction
When studying literature, people might face various reasons and backgrounds that could lead them to many events.In addition, literature also makes learners aware of the problems in life.Literature, whether in the form of novels, short stories, poetry, or plays, always presents the values of life, such as health and comfort, ambition, love, friendship, ethics or morality, technology, and imagination, including art and religion.This is in line with Septia's opinion (2016), stating that a literary work should be able to cover all aspects of human life and its environment because literature is often said to be the 'window of the 'soul', which can act as a mirror to the author's life experience.One form of such literary works is novel which is used as the subject of this research.Appraisal theory is a linguistic theory used to assess someone from the language used which is the development of interpersonal meaning introduced by Halliday.Appraisal theory was developed by J.R Martin and White (2005) and Martin and Rose (2007).In this theory, behind the language used there is an assessment of something conveyed.An appraisal is the way speakers or writers express their feelings or evaluations of things, people, or behaviour.It is intended to capture the subtleties of emotion in discourse.It acts as a tool to negotiate people's attitudes and feelings (J.R Martin & White, 2005).
Talking about translation and appraisals, in describing the emotion of the story, there will be differences between Source Text (ST) in English and Target Text (TT) in Indonesian.The translator added a little touch of Indonesian style so that the reader can relate to the characters' emotions.In the translation of the novel, the characters' persona should be maintained to make readers sympathize with the emotions of the characters.Without the correct emotion being translated, the readers may not understand the characters' personalities, thus, making it harder for the readers to be compassionate and connect with the story.This ambiguity of emotions could cause confusion as to why the characters behave in a certain way.Therefore, translation as a medium to convey the ideas and feelings the writers intended should successfully transfer these aspects.Concerning translation as a language transition, literature has a role in utilizing the intellect of a writer, which creates a story pattern, form and meaning.These patterns need to be understood or mastered by a literary translator from the source language (SL) to the target language (ST) (Septiaji, 2019).
Translation has become a significant way to show equivalence in attitudinal system and realization.According to Panou (2013), the concept of equivalence has been of particular concern to translation scholars since it has been inextricably linked with both definitional and practical aspects of translating.Equivalence is used to indicate that source text (henceforth ST) and target text (henceforth TT) share some kind of similarity.Therefore, this research is necessary to conduct in order to know the translator's demeanour towards the novel's characters.The attitude itself relates to the review or assessment of objects (appreciation) and the evaluation of people's behaviour (judgment) and their feelings (affect).Thus, researcher is interested in analyzing the types of attitudes, how the realization and equivalence in the novel, and how the expression of attitudes translated in the target text in the form of translation techniques in To All the Boys I Loved Before novel.

Appraisal Theory
Interpersonal meaning in language which deals with the subjective presence of writers in texts as they adopt stances towards both the material they present and those with whom they communicate is important.It concerns with how writers or speakers approve and disapprove, enthuse and abhor, applaud and criticize, and with how they position their readers to do likewise.It involves the construction by texts of communities of shared feelings and values, and with the linguistic mechanisms for the sharing of emotions, tastes and normative assessments J.R Martin & White (2005:1).
Appraisal develops out of Systemic Functional Linguistics.Appraisal is a system of interpersonal meanings.Appraisal theory is concerned with the evaluation.Appraisal theory concern of three points; (1) the way speakers or writers approve and disapprove, (2) the way text can produce feeling, values, and the linguistic mechanisms that share emoticon, taste, and norms, (3) the way writers construe their particular authorial identities or personae J.R Martin & White (2005).In addition, Martin said that appraisal is a theory to describe and explain how the speaker or writer uses language to show their feeling and their relationship to the listener or readers.

Affect
Affect is concerned with the manifestation of the emotions brought alive to the speaker or the writer mainly by an external agent other than the speaker or writer himself or herself.It displays positive and negative feelings engendered in discourse producers.
a. Dis /inclination refers to how speakers/writers involve intentional feelings instead of reaction.Some typical words such as miss, request, long for, want, and other similar "desirable" expressions are classified into this area.b.Un/happiness relates to the speaker's/writer's emotional feelings about being happy or sad.The typical expressions included in this are cheerful, hate, love, gloomy, sad, adore, etc c.In/security covers the area of how the speaker/writer feels and shares the emotions of peace and anxiety in relation to our environment.The typical words of this area are confident, anxious, freaked comfortable, trusting, etc. d.Dis/satisfaction relates to the speaker/writer's feelings of achievement and frustration regarding the activities they participate in, both as participants and audiences.Some typical words expressing these emotions are engaged, absorbed, engrossed, flat, bored with, etc.

Judgment
Judgment refers to "how speakers evaluate themselves and other people in terms of their character and social behaviour in relation to culturally established sets of moral, legal and personal norms".Judgment is also concerned with resources assessing behaviour according to various normative principles.It deals with attitudes towards saviour, which we admire or criticize, praise or condemn.Judgments of social esteem concern with 'normality' (how unusual someone is)."Capacity' (how capable they are) and 'tenacity' (how resolute they are); judgments' of sanction have to do with 'veracity' (how honest someone is) and 'propriety' (how ethical someone is).

Appreciation
Appreciation is concerned with the disclosure of evaluation of natural and semiotic phenomena by the speaker or the writer, i.e. passing judgment, on such natural/semiotic phenomena.An appreciation is however concerned with how linguistic resources are used by speakers to express positive or negative evaluations of entities or phenomena.Appreciation involves the evaluation of semiotic and natural phenomena, according to the ways in which they are valued or not in a given field (Setieya et al., 2019).According to J.R Martin & White (2005:56) Appreciation' depends on a person's performance and evaluates on that basis ('impact' e.g.exciting, dull, lively, etc. and 'quality' e.g.good, welcome, plain, nasty, etc. defines the terms).Appreciations can be divided into our 'reactions' to things (do they catch our attention; do they please us?), their 'composition' (balance and complexity), and their 'value' (innovative, authentic, timely, etc.)."This means that the Reaction may be interpreted as a personal response transferred to the appreciated phenomenon.Appreciation has three types namely, reaction, and valuation.

Realization
The attitudinal expressions convey positive or negative evaluations and are in form of an 'inscribed' attitude (from the writer's point of view).In contrast, indirect attitudinal meanings are 'invocations' (described through external resources) of attitudes (Asad et al., 2021).Appraisal offers a difference between the terms 'inscribed attitudes' and invoked attitudes.Inscribed attitude is related to positive or negative evaluation and is directly encoded through the use of attitudinal lexis and the term 'invoked attitudes' refers to positive/negative assessment which is impossible to isolate in such explicitly attitudinal vocabulary (White, 2011).

Reasoning of code-switching and code-mixing
When a bilingual switches or combines two languages, there are several factors from the speaker that must be considered.According to Hoffman (1991: 116), bilingual or multilingual people switch or mix their languages for seven reasons: talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being empathic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, and the intention of clarifying the speech content.for interlocutor, and expressing group identity.Some linguists use the terms code-mixing and code-switching more or less interchangeably.Especially in formal studies of syntax, morphology, etc., both terms are used to refer to utterances that draw from elements of two or more grammatical systems.These studies are often interested in the alignment of elements from distinct systems, or on constraints that limit switching.Some work defines code-mixing as the placing or mixing of various linguistic units (affixes, words, phrases, clauses) from two different grammatical systems within the same sentence and speech context, while codeswitching is the placing or mixing of units (words, phrases, sentences) from two codes within the same speech context.The structural difference between code-switching and code-mixing is the position of the altered elements-for code-switching, the modification of the codes occurs intersententially, while for code-mixing, it occurs intrasententially.
In other work the term code-switching emphasizes a multilingual speaker's movement from one grammatical system to another, while the term code-mixing suggests a hybrid form, drawing from distinct grammars.In other words, code-mixing emphasizes the formal aspects of language structures or linguistic competence, while code-switching emphasizes linguistic performance.
While many linguists have worked to describe the difference between code-switching and borrowing of words or phrases, the term code-mixing may be used to encompass both types of language behavior.

Translation
Nida and Taber describe a diagram of explanation of translation process as follow.Nida & Taber (1974) description of the process emphasizes the 'scientific and practical' advantages of this method compared to any attempt to draw up a fully comprehensive list of equivalences between specific pairs of SL and TL systems.Nida and taber (Munday et al., 2022) explain that there are 3 stages of translation process.Those steps are: a. Analysis, in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of the grammatical relationships, the meaning combination of words, b. transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B and, c. restructuring, in which the analyzed material is restructured in order to make the final massage fully acceptable in the receptor language

Equivalence
According to Cerban (2009) Interpersonal metafunction allows us to interact with people, to create relations with people around us, to express our opinions about states or events.The third metafunction refers to the way we organize our messages in order to integrate them in other messages we say or receive, in larger contexts.In this study, we are concerned with the interpersonal metafunction which analyses the equivalence in attitudinal system and the realization.In any translation activities the rule of equivalent is always needed in order to create a text accurately.(Bell, 1991) Elaborates that texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees, in respect of different levels of presentation and different ranks.Each language has their own distinct codes and rules.Bell also classifies the degree of meaning equivalence into equivalent meaning and non-equivalent meaning

Research Method
This study used product-oriented research design with the aim to identify the attitudinal system and the realizationin the text and how the attitude expression was translated into the TT in the Novel To the Boys I Loved Before.Product-oriented research used to analyze of texts in their context of production and reception offers evidence of translators' decision making, which allows some insight into the translation process (Saldanha & O'Brien, 2014).The data of the research were based on the novel To All the Boys I Loved Before by Jenny Han and its translation in Indonesian, it's still the same To All the Boys I Loved Before which is translated by Airin Kusumawardani.Type of this book was Young Adult and published on April 2015.The data source of this research was close to the ST, which shows attitude and their translation in the TT in the form of clauses.The data only includes the expressions uttered or demonstrated by the characters in the story.
Appraisal theory is a tool to collect data to answer the research question.

Fig. 3 -Research Procedure
Dependability focused on reliability of the data.The data finding was triangulated by two translations concentrations student and one student from language acquisition concentration who have same research in Appraisal Theory.The researcher provided all data and asked the triangulator to give opinion and suggestion about the analysis.

Attitudinal System in the ST and TT
Based on the identification data conducted by researcher, the novels showed more affect, especially in un/Happiness and in/Security.This is related to the genre of the novels which is a young adult genre that tells teenagers love story.Such type of story could cause manifestations of emotions of happiness, sadness, lack of confidence or vice versa.When viewed carefully, the percentages produced in ST and TT tend to be the same.Affect on in/clination occured 24 times (8.7%),where in this category the data brings up a lot of feeling of longing between siblings who are in different countries because they have to attend college, the main character who dreams of having a lover, and emotional feelings due to being ignored by a loved one.Affect on un/happiness occurs 105 times (38.0%),where in this category the data shows a sense of fun, feelings of falling in love and heartbreak felt by the main character, and also conflicts between the main character and his brother who are arguing with each other and other conflicts between the main character and other characters.As an example.annoyance at her brother who broke up with his lover who she considered to have contributed greatly to her brother's life so she ignored what her brother was talking about whatever it was.Datum 8 ST: You shouldn't eat raw cookie dough," Margot says.I ignore her.
In the ST, the underlined words "ignore" show the affect of "disinclination", which is reflected in the words "I ignore her".This phrase shows how the character did not have any desire to hear her sister.Thus, she OUTPUT continued to bake despite ignoring what her sister told.Occasionally trying raw cookie dough without caring about the risks she would get later like a stomachache.The attitude shown in the main character lies in the word "ignore" which has the same effect as TT mengabaikan, the context of this sentence arises because of Lara Jean's.

Realization of Attitude in the ST and TT
It is important to know that the medium for the realization of Appraisal is mainly lexical rather than grammatical, although the significant role grammatical structures play in such realization is unchallengeable.
The attitudinal expressions convey are inscribed and invoke.Inscribe attitude (from writer's point of view).In contrast, indirect attitudinal meanings are 'invocations' (described through external resource) of attitudes (Asad et al., 2021).Datum 167 ST: He points at the framed picture of me and Margot taking a bath when we were babies.
Based on the data, both ST and TT are categorized as affect "happiness".We can be seen in the underlined words "I can feel my cheeks burn".First, the character shows an embarrassed expression of 'cheeks burn' as described by the author.The expression in the phrase shows a sense of pleasure, supported by the previous explanation because Peter complimented her small photo with the words "cute" making her embarrassed and feeling happy about the compliment given.The expression of emotion is portrayed not by action but nonverbally through implicit praise The same happens with the TT.First, it is expressed by how the main character feels her cheeks are red.Then, the author also adds things that become supporting factors for why her cheeks are red such as feeling shy with words of praises that make the main character give a happy effect.So, both the ST and the TT use invoke realization by the description of non-verbal responses of shy to deliver the character's emotion Datum 31 ST: I cried a lot.Just like that, it was over.It was over before I even had a chance TT: Aku menangis berkali-kali.Semua berakhir begitu saja.Cintaku berakhir sebelum aku mendapat kesempatan apa pun Based on the data, both ST and TT are categorized as affect "Unhappiness."They can be seen in the underlined words "I cried a lot".First, it is expressed by the action of cry by the main character to express her emotion.Before, we discussed that crying many times shows deep sadness.How Lara Jean saw Josh and Margot dating, even though she liked Josh first but instead ended up in vain without starting first, her chance was gone.So it became clear what emotion is expressed based on the data.The ST conveys the emotion first by the action of the character, and then it is explicitly written by the phrase to "cried a lot".
The same thing occurs with the TT; first, it is expressed by how the main character cries.Then, both the writer and the translator explain the reason why Lara jean cries, which is that the opportunity to be with Josh no longer exists.So, both the ST and the TT use inscribe realization by the description of non-verbal responses of cry to deliver the character's emotion

Conclusion 4.1 Conclusion
Based on the result and discussion, the researcher draws the following conclusions.
a.The types of attitudinal system in the novel between ST and TT have relatively the same percentage.It is shown by the data that affect has the highest percentage especially in un/happiness and in/security.
In judgment, the most frequency is found in normality data then veracity and propriety.Besides, appreciation only has one category out of the other three categories, namely reaction with a small percentage of data.b.The realization of attitudinal system found that the most used frequency is inscribe than invoked.Use of both has relatively the same percentage between ST and TT.The same result is shown that in affect, inscribe has a high percentage compared to invoked.This is also the case with judgment and appreciation.c.The translator used five translation techniques to translate the emotion or feeling in the attitudinal system.The translation techniques used are literal translation (50.7%),amplification (21.7%), modulation (18.5%),Establish Equivalent (4.7%), and Adaptation (4.3%).The most dominant translation technique used in this study is literal translation both in texts that show attitudinal system and its realization.d.In translating a text, the translator demands to be able to maintain the integrity of the text.Based on the five translation techniques identified by the researcher, fully equivalent meaning (87.0%) dominated by literal translation, Partial equivalent meaning (11.6%) dominated by amplification technique, and different meaning (1.4%) dominated by modulation technique were found.

Suggestion
Based on the results of the research, the author provide several suggestions that are expected to make this research more developed and complex.This research only focuses on attitude which is one of the three parts of appraisal theory.It is hoped that future researchers can develop other parts with the same research.As this research, emphasizes on the equivalence of attitudinal system and realization bridged by the translation technique of Molina and Alber.If evaluated together, there are other things that can be measured besides these two things such as translation quality.Equivalence cannot be the parameter of good or bad translation quality.In this case, future researchers can develop this research especially in the translation quality of attitudinal system and realization.